The Khmer Rouge Trial (KRT) and the Destiny of the Cambodian People.

This site was built: to honor those Cambodians and others who were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge; to seek real and lasting justice for those who have survived but traumatized and; to give them a better chance for a normal life. Naranhkiri Tith Ph.D

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Dancing with wolf; Sihanouk and his 'friend,' North Vietnamese Prime Minister, Pham Van Dong 
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Sihanouk warmingly embracing Pham Van Dong, Prime Minister of North Vietnam, during an Anti-US Imperialism  Meeting in Southern China, in 1971
 
 
Sihanouk addressing a meeting with Khmer Rouge Leaders (khieu Samphan and Hou Youn) in Northern Cambodia in 1973. Now, Sihanouk is unashamedly allied with Hun Sen. Now, Let us honestly ask the following question. Is Sihanouk a true Khmer Patriot and defender of the Khmer nation, as he often claimed? The answer is a resounding 'NO'.
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(Comments: This Memorandum from the Central Committee of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, dated September 1982, amd signed by Say Phuthang, legalizing The settlement of Vietnamese civilians in Cambodia.
 
These memoes are the most tangible proofs that the Vietnamization of Cambodia is real, and has resumed with a Vengence, after Vietnam invaded Cambodia, in 1979, and continues until today. That is why a few of friends of mine and I had decided to send a petition (signed by almost 10,000 Cambodians from all parts of the world) to President Bush requesting him to verify the problem settelemt of illegal Vietnamese immigrants in Cambodia, based on the information provided by Ambassador Bindra, the former Chairman of the International Control Commission (ICC), which was set up by the major powers at the Geneve Conference, to supervise the agreements, signed in that Swiss city, in 1954. (For more details on this petition, please go to my web site address s 'http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/index.html', and FYI, a copy of the petition is opted below) 
 
Not unexpectedly, we received a non-committal answer, which in fact mentioned some diplomatic platitudes regarding our concern about the unlimited and unstoppable flow of illegal Vietnamese immigrants into Cambodia, since the invasion of Cambodia by the Vietnamese aemed forces, in 1979. 
 
It should be reminded that once these illegal Vietnamese have entered Cambodia, they automatically received Cambodian citizenship thus benefitting Hun Sen in any elections to be held in Cambodian. Any census of population, cannot reveal neither the number nor the location of Vietnamese concentration in Cambodia, which is absolutely abnormal, to say the least.
 
Unfortunately, most NGOs have gone along with this insane policy, and even accused those who would dare to ask for such information on the illegal Vietnamese immigrants in Cambodia, are considered by them as racists. Here we are trapped inside and trapped outside. This was due to thefact that some Cambodian individuals and organizations have used their rage rather than reason to address the Vietnamization issue in Cambodia.  Again, don't blame only foreigners in this tragic story of the Vietnamization of Cambodia. Cambodians at all levels in the society have committed high treason in favoring the Vietnamese interests and grand design of imperialism in Cambodia, to fulfill their own selfish and short-term personal objectives.
 
This cavalier response was due, as you may know, to the fact that G W Bush is now totally committed to have Vietnam as America's best ally in Asia, in order to confront the rising power of China in Asia and to fight against terrorism. Knowing the closeness between Hun sen and Vietnam, the Bush administration is now also backing Hun Sen 100 per cent as the reigning dictator of Cambodia. In so doing, the United States of America has given up for pratical purposes, all supports for the promotion of democracy and human rights in Cambodia, as elswhere in the world. 
 
In view of this tragic situation for Cambodia, Cambodian-Americans should not remain silent in front of this abandon of the basic principles upon which America was founded, and should use their voting rights and previleges to ask the US Congress to reverse this insane, obtuse, and morally unjust foreign policy in Asia, by G W Bush. They should protest against this dangerous and immoral policy by intervening in the Congress to remind it of this failure to support these fundamental principles of all free and open societies, that the USA has been preaching so loudly to the rest of the world, and for a very long time. Naranhkiri Tith Ph.D. Washington DC August 28, 2007)
 
For an excellent analysis of Vietnamese colonialism in Cambodia, please, read the article by clicking the link posted below:
 
 
 
 
Documents on CPP asking Cambodian people to help Vietnamese colonists settled in Cambodia. This is themost deadly policy for Cambodia. This also shows how Hun Sen and his CPP are totally under Vietnamese control.
 
Source; Marie Alexandrine Martin; Cambodia: a Shattered Society; University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1994
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Memo I from Say Phuthang to Cambodian Officials to Help Vietnamese Civilians to Settle in Cambodia.
 
 
 
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Memo II From Chan Si to Cambodian Officials to Help Vietnamese Civilians to Settle in Cambodia
 
 

 

 A Petition To:  George W. Bush, President of the United States of America

 

TO SAVE THE KHMER ROUGE TRIAL BY MOVING IT OUT OF HUN SEN’S CORRUPT SYSTEM TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) OF JUSTICE, THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS AND TO INVESTIGATE THE VIETNAMIZATION OF CAMBODIA


Signatures: _______ November 14, 2005

Category: Justice and Human Rights

Region: United States of America

Perspective: Global

The Honorable George W. Bush

President of the United States

The White House

1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20500

Dear Mr. President:

We, the under-signed, Cambodian-Americans and friends in the United States and abroad, call your immediate attention to Hun Sen’s systematic manipulation and obstruction of the Khmer Rouge Trial process under international scrutiny. This blatantly contradicts the United States’ longstanding governing principal of democracy, open society, transparency and the protection of inalienable human rights. These current practices of sabotaging the rule of laws and the proper working of the judicial system according to the international standard of justice, pose imminent danger to the Cambodian people’s ability to survive and to their return to normalcy, after having been victims of one of the most heinous crimes against humanity in recent memories, under the demented regime of the Khmer Rouge. Ultimately, these deliberate acts of sabotage by Hun Sen and his CPP threaten the very existence of the Cambodian people.

Attached herewith are supporting a set of recent articles on how Hun Sen has been creating political obstacles to allow the Khmer Rouge Trial to be concluded at an early date. Hun Sen sabotage’s acts center mainly on his claim to defend Cambodia’s sovereignty.

Cambodia’s territory has continually shrunk while the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s land continues to grow since its January 1979 military invasion and capture of Phnom Penh from Pol Pot’s regime. Vietnam installed leadership that consisted of former members of the Khmers Rouge who fled to Vietnam to seek refuge from Pol Pot’s regime and joined forces with Vietnam’s communist organization. Among them is the current dictator Hun Sen. Cambodia’s current government is a colonial regime of Vietnam. Vietnam has imposed its communist system on Cambodia through the back door, as His Excellency Bindra states in his writing. Vietnam was forced by the international community and by the collapse of the former Soviet Union to abandon its direct occupation of Cambodia in 1989; however, it still retains power through its client communist party led by Hun Sen.


Less obvious but more deadly, Vietnam’s colonial policy is evident by the alarming and continuous influx of illegal Vietnamese immigrants into Cambodia from 1979 onward, where substantially none remained during the Khmer Rouge regime. With its protégé Hun Sen in power, Vietnam was able to create land growth and secure full legal status for the Vietnamese civilians in Cambodia through the 1982, 1983, and 1985 agreements. These treaties revoked the agreements that the same Vietnamese leadership made in1967 in its recognition of Cambodia’s borders in the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and South Vietnam National Liberation Front (NLF). By 1987, there were approximately two million Vietnamese inhabitants in Cambodia. Today, about 17\% of approximately 14 million Cambodians are Vietnamese. Full voting rights from these illegal Vietnamese settlers and a deadly grip on the governing system are allowing Vietnam and Hun Sen to breach the territorial integrity of Cambodia through colonial practices.

It should be noted that many independent NGOs have reported human rights violations by the Vietnamese government on the Khmer Krom, the Cambodian indigenous people of South Vietnam, who are now reduced to ethnic minority status.

Vietnam’s foreign policy of expansionism has already obliterated an entire civilization of Champa residing in what is now the Red River delta of Vietnam during the second half of the fifteenth century. The remaining group of Champs sought refuge in Cambodia, where they remain today. These practices of isolating and of forcing Khmer Krom to take Vietnamese names could be regarded as a form of genocide according to the content of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

Furthermore, in his recent speech Prime Minister Hun Sen threatened to “legally” deal with Cambodian citizens who dare criticize his stance on the border issue with Vietnam. For instance, he arrested and detained journalist Mam Sonando and President of the Cambodian Independent Teacher’s Association, Rong Chhun. He also brought government charges against four members of Cambodia’s Border Watchdog Council for voicing their concerns. Many NGOs have been reporting that Hun and his government are responsible for numerous gross violations of human rights and repression of democracy.

For all the above mentioned reasons, we urge the United States government, international organizations, the United Nations, the European Union and members of ASEAN and Donor-Nations, to investigate Vietnam for continuously violating breaching Cambodia’s territorial integrity and encouraging the uninhibited flow of illegal Vietnamese settlers into Cambodia. We strongly request all those international leaders who were participants and signatories of the Paris Accords in 1991 on the peace settlement in Cambodia to compile an unbiased report and submit this document to their Member-States for further debate in order to stop current illegal actions in Cambodia.

Cambodia has had a turbulent and tragic history and if it is to have another chance at normal social, political, and economic development, the world needs to firmly monitor this extremely dangerous situation and encourage a democratic and transparent governing system in Cambodia. In the January 1979 invasion by Vietnam of Cambodia, the United States, Western and Third World nations refused to cooperate with Vietnam. We again need that type of moral integrity and resolve to protect the rights and liberty of Cambodia, a Member-State of the United Nations. We sincerely fear that if Vietnam continues to violate Cambodian sovereignty, the Cambodian people cannot be expected to remain peaceful and silent. A human tragedy of major proportion may be repeated in Cambodia. The Cambodian people have the legitimate right and duty to defend themselves against this naked Vietnamese aggression.

 


 

Khmer Rouge Leaders: the Role of the Vietnamese in the Khmer Rouge Organization and Ideology

 

  Table of contents

 

1. A link to a web page on the introduction to an Expatriate's reflection on Cambodia's Past, Present, and Future. 

2. A link to a web page on a history of Vietnamese Imperialism and colonialism against Champa and Cambodia 

3. A link to a web page on the Alliance between (1) the Khmer Rouge and Sihanouk, (2) the Viet Minh with Sihanouk, (3) and Hun Sen with  

the Communist Vietnam 

4. Two opposite views on the Khmer Rouge Trial; one by the head of a Cambodian NGO, and the other by a pro-Hun Sen foreigner

5. My interviews with Radio Free Asia on the factors behind the recent near collapse of the Khmer Rouge Trial 

6. Pol Pol Bio 

7. Ieng Sary Bio 

8. Nuon Chea Bio 

9. Khieu Samphan Bio 

10. One Big Happy Family in Cambodia; a Look at the CPP extended Family; by Bertil Lintner 

11. Contemporary Cambodian Political Leaders Biographies 

12. New Problems, Old Problems; The Khmer Rouge Trial in Historical Perspective by; Milton Osborne (ANU) 

13. Hanoi's Double-Cross on Democracy 

14. The worth of War Crimes Trials; beyond the trial views 

15. The Khmer Rouge leadership; an unusual analysis; by Phillip Short 

16. Cambodian and Vietnamese Communism by Steve Morris 

17. The Cambodian culture of dependence on Foreign Patrons; The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese; by Steve Hedder   

18. Khmer Rouge Tribunal Stalls Again 

19. Hun Sen Complete Biography by Columbia University 

20. HRW requests the FBI to Re-open the 1997 grenade attack on Sam Rainsy Party's Demonstration; Sam Rainsy and his Disdain for the Rule of Law 

21. Vietnam Priest Jailed for dissent From BBC

22. Vietnam's Expansionism in Indochina 

23. The 1948 Geneva Convention on the prevention and the punishment of the crime of Genocide

24. Mass murders committed by dictatorship of the left and of the right

25. David Chandler response to my comments on his role as a defender of Hun Sen and the Vietnamese in his earlier years

26. Mass Murder by Communism to Build a Perfect but Utopian Society

27. Sihanouk Blaming his Son for Collapse of Coalition

 


 
From reliable historical records, Vietnam is, at the same, a Communist, a Colonialist, and an Imperialist country. How could it pretend to have saved Cambodia with this combination of the of the worst totalitarian regimes in recorded human history? 

                            Introduction:         
 
This page presents a number of selected articles showing how Vietnam is at the roots of the creation of Communism, and therefore, the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. The Vietnamese are not at all what they claim to be that is the 'savior' of the Cambodian people from Pol Pot murderous regime. Only, when the vietnamese realized that they could no longer control the Khmer Rouge, did they start to systematically destroying them, as they did later on with Pen Sovann, and replaced him by a more subsevient one, like Hun Sen and Chea Sim. Two articles are highly recommended for a better grasp of this deadly problem for Cambodia, one by Steve Morris, and the other by Philllip short, posted below in this page.
 
The late military historian, Bernard Fall had most vividly captured this hidden but deadly Vietnamese colonialism when he wrote that:
 

"It is interesting to compare the Vietnamese colonization process with the corresponding process of state-building going on in Europe at that time; for too many well-intentioned writers (particularly those in the United States who feel that Europe must continually make amends for her colonial performance) tend to gloss over the non-European colonial processes that were going on simultaneously. In Europe, the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed what could be called a national "regroupment" process: Spain left the Low Countries; non-German states lost their influence in Germany; and the Turks, after a high tide that had brought them to the gates of Vienna in 1529 and 1683, returned to the lower reaches of the Balkans. In Europe outside Russia, only Austria-Hungary was to survive as a major multinational state until 1918, and no new state rose to power by ethnic assimilation of alien areas. Viet-Nam was obviously doing exactly the opposite: It carved out its territory through military conquest over states whose level of indigenous culture was at least equal, if not superior, to its own. In other words, it did not invoke the moralistic rationale of "Manifest Destiny," "la Mission Civilisatrice," or "the White Man's Burden"; its action, like the German Drang nach Osten, was simply a manifestation of the vitality of its people. It was simply and purely a process of colonial conquest for material gains, no more, no less. The fact that it took place on contiguous territory does not make it any more respectable than, say, the Russian conquest of Hungary. 

But, what makes the Vietnamese colonial process unique in Asia is that it took place in competition with that of several European powers—and the Vietnamese beat them to the punch on several occasions! By 1750, nearly all the later European colonial powers had appeared on the scene: the Dutch and Spaniards in the Spice Islands, the French and British in India, and the Portuguese through-out Southeast Asia, even as far inland as Laos. All of them, at one time or another or simultaneously, had trading stations in Viet-Nam. Whether through superciliousness or plain ignorance, none of the "traditional" colonial powers consciously reacted to the Vietnamese colonial process. But it was not without reason that the French consolidated their position in South Viet-Nam first when they set out to conquer the country one century later; after all, it had been Vietnamese for so short a time that its conquest proved easiest, for its inhabitants were the least secure in their social structure and institutions. This assertion appears to be borne out by the fact that the South appeared more “pro-French” (or simply “French”) than central and North Viet-Nam and that the French colonial penetration became more difficult as it advanced farther North.

 

Thus, much of what today is the Republic of Viet-Nam south of the 17th parallel has been "Vietnamese" for a shorter span of time than the Eastern seaboard of the United States has been American." This is a reality that cannot be simply talked away, for it affects the very fabric of the nation in times of stress and crisis, as in the 1960’s. 

 

(Vietnam Deadly but Hidden Colonialist and imperailist design and policy; From Bernard Fall 'The Two Viet Nams; A Political and Military Analysis, Chapter 2,': 'A glimpse of the Past' Praeger, New York, 1971)

 
You will also find the detailed biographies of those Cambodian leaders, Communist and non-Communists who participated, in one capacity or another, in the destruction of Cambodia and the Cambodian society, since World War II.
 


 

1. The heavy Legacy of the Past on the Present and the future of Cambodia; a Reflection

 

 Please, click here to read a web page on an Expatriate's reflection on Cambodia's Past, Present, Future. the Burden of history on present day Cambodia and its future is being discussed and presented based on serious documentations. Cambodia's past is unique, and does not portend well for its future, namely, because of the lack of identity for most Cambodian people, resulting from the overpowering of the monarchy on the common Cambodians.

 

This will have to be changed, if Cambodia is to have a better chance for survival. The culture of internal political patronage and dependence on foreign

patrons are two of the deadly sins of the Cambodian society.

 

(http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/)

 


 

2. Please, click the link posted below to see a history of Vietnamese Imperialism and colonialism

 

This link shows how Vietnam used 'Nam Tien' or 'Southward March' to first obliterate Champa, and since the seventeenth century to take away Khmer land in Southern Cambodia or Kampuchea Krom. Unfortunately, because of the uninterrupted presence of corrupt Cambodian 'leaders,' such as the Khmer kings, Son Ngoc Thanh, Pol Pot, and presently Hun Sen/Sihanouk alliance, who never learned lessons from the past, by asking foreign patrons for help, especially Vietnam, to save their own skin, while continuously fighting against each other for selfish

 

               (http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/id24.html)

 


 

3. The Culture of Dependence: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, Hun Sen, the Vietnamese Relations

 

Please, click the link posted below, to see an analysis of the deadly alliance between Sihanouk and the Khmer Rouge, Sihanouk and Hun Sen; in turn, these Cambodians, so-called 'leaders' sought patronage from the Vietnamese for help and protection with a disastrous and tragic consequence on Cambodia and its people

 

                 (http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeof03b/id31.html)

 


 

4. Two Opposite Views on The Khmer Rouge Trial; one from a Cambodian NGO leader (Kek Galabru) and the other

from Craig Etcheson, a foreign expert on Khmer Rouge Issues:

 

The Cambodian people seems to be a bystander in the Khmer Rouge Trial process. It is the foreigners who have the stronger say in this tragic historical events.

Two experts on Cambodian affairs, one Cambodian and the other a non-Cambodian spoke about the kind of Khmer Rouge trial that Cambodia should have. Below, are two opposite statements by these two experts.

 

From Craig Etcheson:""""

 

"Domestically, Hun Sen had to maneuver the agreement past powerful constituencies within his own party who oppose the tribunal on a variety of grounds, while simultaneously dealing with pockets of fierce resistance within his coalition partner, the royalist party," Etcheson wrote. "Internationally, he had to hack his way though a dense thicket of divergent ideological views on the nature and desirability of internationalized justice, the most difficult elements of which were the determined opposition of China to any tribunal at all, and the U.N. Secretariat’s dogged insistence on international control over the proceedings. "Threading the needle amid these complex domestic and international pressures took a frustratingly long time, and consequently, many casual observers interpreted  the slow progress as a series of deliberate delays by the Royal Government," Etcheson said."

 

From Kek Galabru:

 

"Kek Galabru, president of the Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, said in an interview that she was "not very optimistic" about the trials and that she expects more delays. If the government were really committed, she said, it would pay for its share of the cost of the trials rather than seeking outside assistance.

 

Youk Chhang, of the Documentation Center, struck a similar note, saying that he hoped Cambodia would pay the $13.3 million share itself, given the wealth of some Cambodian officials, the budget available to the government, and the benefits from a tribunal.

 

The current government may not want the truth to come out, Galabru contended. Officials in the coalition government continue to campaign as Cambodia’s liberators and still count on the negative legacy of the Khmer Rouge to win elections, she said. It is possible, she continued, that the tribunal could be set up, work for three years, and yield nothing except the expenditure of $56 million. If that happens, Galabru said, Cambodians will be frustrated and will feel as if an old wound has been reopened. Instead of the trials going forward as planned, she argues that they should take the form of a truly international tribunal, with its implicit protections."

 

Source: "Justice Delayed"

 

THE BRUTAL TILLERS OF THE KILLING FIELDS — CAMBODIA’S KHMER ROUGE LEADERS OF THE 1970S—MAY FINALLY BE TRIED FOR THEIR CRIMES. BUT THEIR LEGACY WILL BE HARD

 

TO ERASE FROM THE COUNTRY’S PSYCHE. BY STEVE HI R S C H n

 

N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L 7/2/05

 

(Comments: I will let the readers decide for themselves, which of the two statements is closer to the expectation of the Cambodian people and reflects real and lasting justice. Or to put the other way around; Which of the two statements is more supportive of Hun Sen's attempt to hijack the Khmer Rouge Trial process? Is Hun Sen's totally corrupt justice system capable of rendering real justice, or the international one? Naranhkiri Tith Ph.D. Washington D C, August, 2007)

 


 

5. My Interviews with Radio Free Asia on the Khmer Rouge Trial

 

Please, click the link pasted below to hear my interviews (in six parts and in Cambodian) with Radio Free Asia (RFA) on the main reasons behind the recent near collapse of the Khmer Rouge Trial:

 

    (http://www.rfa.org/khmer/batsampheas/2007/03/15/interview_Dr- tith_ab_KRT/)

 


 

6. Pol Pot

 

AKA 'Brother Number One'. Birth name Saloth Sar. 

 

Kill tally: One to three million (or between a quarter and a third of the country's population).  

 

Background: Cambodia becomes a French protectorate in 1863. Complete independence is finally granted in November 1953, with Prince Norodom

Sihanouk establishing a 16-year rule. The region is soon destabilised by the war in Vietnam. In November 1963 Sihanouk terminates an aid program run by the United States and in May 1965, as the war spills into Cambodia, breaks relations completely.   

 

Meanwhile domestic opposition to Sihanouk begins to mount. A ruthless clampdown on opponents forces many to go underground and take up arms,

including the Khmer Rouge, the Cambodian communist insurgency movement led by Saloth Sar, later to be known across the world as Pol Pot.   

 

The threat of the communist insurgents, the effects of the lack of US aid, an increase in incursions by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong and the subsequent counterstrikes by US and South Vietnamese forces lead Sihanouk to reevaluate the country's relations with Washington. But, by the time he turns back to the US in June 1969 it is too late.

 

More background.  

 

Mini biography: Born on 19 May 1925 in Prek Sbauv in Kampong Thum province, north of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. His father is a prosperous farmer and his family has connections to the Cambodian royal family. 

 

1931 - At the age of six he moves to Phnom Penh to live with his brother, an official at the royal palace. He learns the rudiments of Buddhism during a brief stay at a pagoda near the royal palace before receiving his formal education at a number of French language schools and at a Catholic college, although

he never obtains a high-school diploma. 

 

1946 - While serving with the anti-French resistance under Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh, he joins the outlawed Indochinese Communist Party. 

 

1949 - Pol Pot wins a government scholarship to study radio electronics in Paris. He fails to obtain a degree but becomes enthralled by writings on Marxism

and revolutionary socialism and forges bonds with other likeminded young Cambodians studying in the metropolis, including Ieng Sary, Khieu Samphan,

Khieu Ponnary and Song Sen. The members of this so-called 'Paris student group' are destined to become the leaders of the Khmer Rouge.  

 

While in Paris Pol Pot also joins the French Communist Party and helps transform the Association of Khmer Students into a platform for nationalist and Leftist ideas, openly challenging the Sihanouk government. 

 

 In a pamphlet titles 'Monarchy or Democracy' he writes, "(The monarchy) is a vile pustule living on the blood and sweat of the peasants. Only the National

 

Assembly and democratic rights give the Cambodian people some breathing space. ... The democracy which will replace the monarchy is a matchless institution, pure

as a diamond."  

 

1951 - The Indochinese Communist Party, which is dominated by the Vietnamese, is reorganised in September into three separate units representing Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, although the Vietnamese continue to supervise the smaller movements. The Cambodian unit is named the Kampuchean People's

 

Revolutionary Party (KPRP). 

 

1953 - After having his scholarship revoked Pol Pot returns to Cambodia and throws himself into work for the KPRP, first in the Kampong Cham province

northwest of Phnom Penh and then in the capital itself. He also travels to the east of the country to meet with the Vietnamese communists. He supports

himself by teaching history and geography at a private school, where he is well liked and respected by his pupils. 

 

1956 - Pol Pot marries Khieu Ponnary. 

 

1960 - In late September Pol Pot and the 'Paris student group' take control of the KPRP, renaming it the Workers' Party of Kampuchea (WPK) and turning it away from its Vietnamese patrons. Pol Pot is elected to the number three position on the party's Central Committee, allowing him to build a strong faction. 

 

1963 - In February, Pol Pot is chosen as the WPK's general secretary, the highest position in the party, following the mysterious disappearance of the previous incumbent. In July he and most of the WPK Central Committee leave Phnom Penh to organise an insurgency base, 'Office 100', on the border with

Vietnam in the country's northeast.   

 

1965 - Pol Pot walks the recently completed 'Ho Chi Minh Trail' to Hanoi, the capital of North Vietnam, for consultations with the North Vietnamese

communists, who are critical of his nationalist agenda and tell him to delay an armed struggle in Cambodia until the US is driven from Vietnam. 

 

1966 - He receives a better reception when he makes his first visit to China, where the 'Cultural Revolution' has just been launched. He is influenced by

the leading radicals supporting the movement and by Mao Zedong's concept of a continuous revolution. He will return to Cambodia determined to further loosen ties with the Vietnamese communists.

 

The WPK changes its name again, to the Kampuchean Communist Party (KCP), though the Cambodian communists are now more commonly known as the 'Khmer Rouge'. The party's all-powerful Central Committee, headed by Pol Pot, is referred to as 'Angkar' (organisation).  

 

1967 - Returning from a trip to North Vietnam, Pol Pot takes refuge in the northeast of Cambodia. He lives with a hill tribe and is impressed by their simple, non-material way of life, seeing it as a realisation of communist ideals. Insurrection breaks out in the west of Cambodia at the start of the year.

It is suppressed brutally but not completely and spreads. By the end of 1968 unrest is reported in 11 of the country's 18 provinces and by the end of the decade the Khmer Rouge almost completely control the mountainous regions on the border with Vietnam. 

 

1968 - The Khmer Rouge establish the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea in January. Aided by the US, the army launches a small and ineffectual insurgency campaign.  

 

1969 - Beginning in March, the US begins secret bombing raids on Vietnamese communist sanctuaries and supply routes inside Cambodia (dubbed the

'Menu Series').

 

Authorised by the newly installed US President, Richard M. Nixon, and directed by his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, the raids are illegal, as the US has not officially declared war on Cambodia. In 14 months, 110,000 tons of bombs are dropped. When news of the raids is leaked, Kissinger orders

surveillance and phone tapping of suspects to uncover the source. US bombing raids into Cambodia will continue until 1973. All told, 539,129 tons of ordinance will be dropped on the country, much of it in indiscriminate B-52 carpet-bombing raids. The tonnage is about three and a half times more than that (153,000 tons) dropped on Japan during the Second World War.

 

Up to 600,000 Cambodians die but the raids are militarily ineffective. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that the bombing raids are serving to increase the popularity of the Khmer Rouge among the affected Cambodian population.   

 

1970 - Sihanouk travels abroad in January to solicit Chinese and Soviet assistance to stop North Vietnam from encroaching on Cambodian territory during the course of its war with South Vietnam and the US. 

 

On 18 March, Sihanouk's right-wing opponents within the government seize the opportunity, banning his return from China and installing Defence Minister

 

Lon Nol as premier of the newly proclaimed Khmer Republic. The coup is supported by the CIA. 

 

The new, US-backed government stirs anti-Vietnamese sentiment and initiates ineffectual military operations against the Viet Cong troops. Simultaneously, the Lon Nol government cancels an agreement allowing North Vietnam to use the port at Sihanoukville. 

 

In April, US President Nixon authorises the invasion of Cambodia by a joint US-South Vietnamese force of 30,000 troops. Tasked with destroying Vietnamese communist bases inside Cambodia, the force pushes the Vietnamese further into Cambodia but is otherwise ineffective and is forced to withdraw in June by the US Congress. 

 

In China, Sihanouk forms a government in exile and builds an alliance with the Khmer Rouge. Both are intent on seeing the overthrow of the Lon Nol  government.

 

The Khmer Rouge receive military aid and training from the North Vietnamese and support from China and are quickly transformed into an effective fighting

force, expanding from a small guerilla outfit of less than 5,000 to an army of 100,000 in a matter of months.  

 

By June the republic's troops have been swept from the entire northeastern third of the country. Areas in the south and southwestern parts of the country are also overrun.

 

By 1973 the Khmer Rouge are able to launch independent and successful attacks against the Khmer Republic troops, taking control of nearly 60% of  

Cambodia's territory and 25% of its population. 

 

1973 - In an attempt to prop-up the Lon Nol government, halt the Khmer Rouge assault and destroy North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia, the Nixon

administration secretly intensifies the bombing of the country, without government authorisation, and despite having signed a peace agreement with the North Vietnamese on 27 January.  

 

1974 - In March, the Khmer Rouge capture the old capital of Odongk, north of Phnom Penh. In a foretaste of what is to come, the city is destroyed, its 20,000 inhabitants  are dispersed into the countryside, and teachers and public servants are executed.  

 

1975 - Now in control of most the Cambodian countryside, the Khmer Rouge surround and isolate the capital Phnom Penh, which has swollen with refugees fleeing the Khmer Rouge and the US bombers. The noose steadily tightens. On April 17 Phnom Penh falls. Within days the city's entire population of over

two million is marched into the countryside at gunpoint. 

 

Pol Pot declares 'Year Zero' and directs a ruthless program to "purify" Cambodian society of capitalism, Western culture, religion and all foreign influences in favour of an isolated and totally self-sufficient Maoist agrarian state. No opposition is tolerated. 

 

Foreigners are expelled, embassies closed, and the currency abolished. Markets, schools, newspapers, religious practices and private property are outlawed. 

 

Members of the Lon Nol government, public servants, police, military officers, teachers, ethnic Vietnamese, Christian clergy, Muslim leaders, members of the Cham Muslim minority, members of the middle-class and the educated are identified and executed. 

 

Towns and cities are emptied and their former inhabitants are deemed "April 17th people" or "new people". The country's entire population is forced to relocate to agricultural collectives, the so-called "killing fields". Inmates exist in primitive conditions. Families are separated. Buddhist monks are defrocked and forced into labour brigades. Former city residents are subjected to unending political indoctrination. Children are encouraged to spy on adults.  

 

An estimated 1.5 million are worked or starved to death, die of disease or exposure, or are summarily executed for infringements of camp discipline.

 

Infringements punishable by death include not working hard enough, complaining about living conditions, collecting or stealing food for personal consumption, wearing jewellery, engaging in sexual relations, grieving over the loss of relatives or friends and expressing religious sentiments.  

 

Khmer Rouge records from the Tuol Sleng interrogation and detention centre in Phnom Penh (also known as S-21) show that 14,499 "antiparty elements", including men women and children, are tortured and executed from 1975 to the first six months of 1978. Only seven of those detained at the centre will leave it alive.  

 

At least 20 other similar centres operate throughout the country.

 

Terror and paranoia reign, reaching a climax in 1977 and 1978 when Pol Pot launches a bloody purge against the "hidden enemies, burrowing from within" and the Khmer Rouge cadres turn on themselves. At least 200,000 are executed.  

 

1976 - The Khmer Rouge declare the new state of Democratic Kampuchea on 5 January. Sihanouk resigns as head of state on 2 April and is placed under virtual house arrest in Phnom Penh. Pol Pot is made prime minister, although his identity and the identities of other members of the 'Angkar' group are kept secret from non-members. To most inside and out of Cambodia he is a shadowy figure known as 'Brother Number One'. The subordinate leaders of the party are known as 'Brother Number Two',  'Brother Number Three', and so on. 

 

It is not revealed that 'Angkar' is in fact the Kampuchean Communist Party until September 1977.  

 

A four year plan is introduced that seeks to treble the country's agricultural output within a year.  

 

1977 - Although almost the entire population is involved in agricultural production, Cambodia experiences food shortages, resulting in many more deaths.

 

Conflicts along the Thai, Laotian and Vietnamese borders escalate. Relations with Vietnam are broken in December. At the same time, Vietnam begins to turn away from China towards the Soviet Union.